Drinking/Driving Litigation: Criminal & Civil
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Chapter 1. Introduction
§ 1:1. Scope of treatise
§ 1:2. Purpose of treatise
§ 1:3. Organization of treatise
§ 1:4. The revised second edition
§ 1:5. Intake sheet
§ 1:6. Attorney-client contract
§ 1:7. Release of specific information (form)
§ 1:8. Notice of appearance
§ 1:9. Consent to plea of not guilty (form)
§ 1:10. Waiver of jury trial/demand for jury trial (form)
§ 1:11. Demand for speedy trial (form)
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Chapter 2. Elements of the Offense
§ 2:1. Introduction
§ 2:2. Driving
§ 2:3. Use of admissions to prove driving
§ 2:4. Operating
§ 2:5. Actual physical control/control
§ 2:6. Location of offense
§ 2:7. Definition of vehicle
§ 2:8. Presumptions
§ 2:9. Per se laws
§ 2:10. Under the influence/impairment
§ 2:11. Causation
§ 2:12. Federal property issues
§ 2:13. The Charging Document
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Chapter 3. Challenging Prior Convictions
§ 3:1. Challenges to prior convictions
§ 3:2. Boykin: Adequacy of waiver of rights
§ 3:3. Nichols: Uncounseled misdemeanors
§ 3:4. Prior convictions post-Nichols
§ 3:5. Burden of proof; proof of prior convictions pre-Parke v. Raley
§ 3:6. Burdens post-Parke v. Raley
§ 3:7. Nonconstitutional challenges
§ 3:8. Techniques for challenging prior convictions
§ 3:9. Conflict in enhancement statutes
§ 3:10. Jury's knowledge of prior conviction
§ 3:11. Other issues in multiple conviction prosecutions
§ 3:12. Use of out-of-state convictions--Interstate compact issues and other enhancement issues
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Chapter 4. Challenging the Stop
Introduction
§ 4:1. The Terry stop
§ 4:2. The anonymous tip
§ 4:3. Roadblocks
§ 4:4. --Roadblock operation
§ 4:5. --Constitutionality: Border checkpoints
§ 4:6. ----Stop for operator and vehicle violations
§ 4:7. Fourth Amendment balancing test
§ 4:8. --Degree of discretion
§ 4:9. --Location of roadblock
§ 4:10. --Time and duration of roadblock
§ 4:11. --Standards set by superiors
§ 4:12. --Procedures set by politically accountable governing body
§ 4:13. --Advance notice to public at large
§ 4:14. --Advance notice to approaching motorists
§ 4:15. --Maintenance of safety conditions
§ 4:16. --Fear and anxiety created
§ 4:17. --Length of detention
§ 4:18. --Physical factors
§ 4:19. --Less restrictive alternatives
§ 4:20. --Roadblock effectiveness
§ 4:21. --Other relevant factors
§ 4:22. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration recommendations
§ 4:23. Drinking/driving surveys
§ 4:24. Roadblock arrest checklist
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Chapter 5. Challenging the Arrest
§ 5:1. When does arrest occur? Justifying detention post lawful stop
§ 5:2. Warrant requirement
§ 5:3. --Public arrests
§ 5:4. --In-home arrest
§ 5:5. Arrest/probable cause standard
§ 5:6. Statutory limitations on authority to arrest
§ 5:7. Jurisdiction
§ 5:8. Presence requirement
§ 5:9. Citizen's arrest
§ 5:10. Remedy for illegal arrest
§ 5:11. Practical tips
§ 5:12. Detention post stop
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Chapter 6. Challenging the Defendant's Statements
§ 6:1. Miranda v. Arizona: An overview
§ 6:2. Testimonial evidence requirement
§ 6:3. The interrogation requirement
§ 6:4. The custody requirement
§ 6:5. Invocation of privilege against self-incrimination
§ 6:6. Sixth Amendment right to counsel
§ 6:7. Statutory right to counsel
§ 6:8. Pre-Custody Silence
§ 6:9. Post arrest--Pre-Miranda silence
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Chapter 7. Challenging the Chemical Test
§ 7:1. Obtaining the sample/consent: Actual or implied
§ 7:2. Protections afforded by implied consent laws
§ 7:3. Misstatement of implied consent obligations
§ 7:4. The nonconsensual blood draw
§ 7:5. The probable cause requirement
§ 7:6. The unconscious driver
§ 7:7. Blood drawn strictly for medical purposes
§ 7:8. Violation of right to independent or additional test
§ 7:9. Noncompliance with statutes and administrative rules
§ 7:10. Must the state adopt administrative rules?
§ 7:11. If passed are they sufficient?
§ 7:12. Approval of the testing device
§ 7:13. Statutory requirements relating to blood & breath
§ 7:14. Who must request the blood test?
§ 7:15. Location of blood draw
§ 7:16. Withdrawal by certain persons
§ 7:17. Other sample collection and testing requirements
§ 7:18. Test conducted within a reasonable time
§ 7:19. Due process violations
§ 7:20. Calibration check requirements
§ 7:21. Calibration check method
§ 7:22. --Timing of the calibration check
§ 7:23. --Test conducted by authorized person
§ 7:24. --Proper sample collection procedures: Observation period
§ 7:25. --Other calibration check & administrative rules issues
§ 7:26. Violation of statutory right to counsel
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Chapter 8. Criminal Consequences of Refusal to Take Test
§ 8:1. Scope
§ 8:2. Admissibility of refusal
§ 8:3. --Statutory considerations
§ 8:4. --Constitutional considerations
§ 8:5. --Evidentiary considerations
§ 8:6. --Common-law considerations
§ 8:7. The criminal offense
§ 8:8. Enhancement
§ 8:9. Defense strategies
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Chapter 9. Sentencing
§ 9:1. Scope
§ 9:2. Defense attorney's role in sentencing process
§ 9:3. Guilty pleas
§ 9:4. Evaluating treatment options
§ 9:5. Tactical considerations at sentencing
§ 9:6. Judge's perspective
§ 9:7. Purposes of criminal sanctions
§ 9:8. Judicial discretion in sentencing
§ 9:9. Judicial discretion in setting terms of probation
§ 9:10. Jury sentencing
§ 9:11. Specific penalties
§ 9:12. Incarceration and fines
§ 9:13. Community service and restitution
§ 9:14. License revocation and impoundment
§ 9:15. Alternative approaches: Ignition interlock, home monitoring and rehabilitation
§ 9:16. Rehabilitation
§ 9:17. Judicial evaluation of rehabilitative possibilities
§ 9:18. Definition and diagnosis
§ 9:19. Questionnaire-type tests
§ 9:20. Clinical tests
§ 9:21. Combination tests
§ 9:22. Methods of rehabilitation
§ 9:23. Educational programs
§ 9:24. Approaches to therapy
§ 9:25. Alcoholics Anonymous
§ 9:26. Antabuse
§ 9:27. Double jeopardy/collateral estoppel
§ 9:28. Applications to United States sentencing guidelines
§ 9:29. Immigration consequences of alcohol related crimes
§ 9:30. Vehicle forfeiture
§ 9:31. Enhancements other than prior convictions
§ 9:32. Restitution
§ 9:33. Re-Sentencing - Post Appeal
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Chapter 10. Appeal
Research References
§ 10:1. Scope of chapter
§ 10:2. Proper record
§ 10:3. Reversible error
§ 10:4. Sufficiency of evidence
§ 10:5. Abuse of discretion
§ 10:6. Jury misconduct
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Chapter 11. Implied Consent
§ 11:1. Scope
§ 11:2. Constitutional challenges: History and background
§ 11:3. Early constitutional challenges
§ 11:4. Fourth Amendment challenges
§ 11:5. Fifth Amendment challenges
§ 11:6. Sixth Amendment challenges
§ 11:7. Due process challenges
§ 11:8. Separation of powers challenges
§ 11:9. Implied consent hearings/civil vs. criminal vs. quasi-criminal
§ 11:10. Statutory interpretation
§ 11:11. Exclusionary rule in implied consent
§ 11:12. Relation to criminal statute/in pari materia
§ 11:13. Relation to criminal statute/collateral estoppel
§ 11:14. Stop and arrest challenges
§ 11:15. Warnings
§ 11:16. Warnings: Consequences of refusal
§ 11:17. Warnings: Consequences of testing
§ 11:18. Alternate tests
§ 11:19. Independent test
§ 11:20. The unconscious motorist
§ 11:21. Refusal versus unequivocal consent
§ 11:22. Conduct as refusal
§ 11:23. Request for attorney as refusal
§ 11:24. Police-induced confusion
§ 11:25. Inability to comprehend: Voluntary intoxication
§ 11:26. Inability to comprehend: Language barrier
§ 11:27. Inability to comprehend: Mental or physical disorders
§ 11:28. Physical inability to test
§ 11:29. Intent to plead guilty
§ 11:30. Reasonable grounds for refusal
§ 11:31. State's use of deficient sample as indication that there was no refusal
§ 11:32. Curing a refusal
§ 11:33. Failing the test
§ 11:34. Administrative Suspensions for Presence of Controlled Substances
§ 11:35. Federal legislation
§ 11:36. Hearing
§ 11:37. Discovery
§ 11:38. Standard and burden of proof
§ 11:39. Administrative appeals
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Chapter 12. Chemical Test System
§ 12:1. Scope
§ 12:2. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
§ 12:3. Involvement in chemical testing systems
§ 12:4. Involvement in state alcohol programs
§ 12:5. State chemical testing programs
§ 12:6. National safety council
§ 12:7. Radio frequency interference testing on breath alcohol measuring devices: the NBS-NHTSA cover-up
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Chapter 13. Concepts of Chemical Analysis
§ 13:1. Introduction
§ 13:2. Alcohol and concentration terms
§ 13:3. Physical properties of alcohol
§ 13:4. Fundamental chemical analysis
§ 13:5. Routine scientific procedure
§ 13:6. The Student T-test
§ 13:7. Analysis of alcohol by previously validated method
§ 13:8. Statistical analysis: Accuracy and precision
§ 13:9. Accuracy and precision for estimating BAC: Theory
§ 13:10. --Chemical reaction method
§ 13:11. --Gas chromatographic method
§ 13:12. --Infrared spectrophotometric method
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Chapter 14. Alcohol: Absorption, Distribution and Elimination
§ 14:1. Introduction
§ 14:2. Concept of variability
§ 14:3. Blood alcohol curve (introduction)
§ 14:4. Introduction of alcohol into the human system: The absorption process
§ 14:5. Absorption of alcohol from gastrointestinal tract
§ 14:6. Alcohol absorption: Definition of terms
§ 14:7. Factors affecting the process of absorption
§ 14:8. --Altitude
§ 14:9. --Age differences
§ 14:10. --Character of alcoholic beverages
§ 14:11. --Differences between individuals
§ 14:12. --Dose effects
§ 14:13. --Drugs
§ 14:14. --Effects of food
§ 14:15. --Amount of food
§ 14:16. --Type of food
§ 14:17. --Time interval between food consumption and alcohol intake
§ 14:18. --Gastric emptying in general
§ 14:19. --Alterations in gastric emptying
§ 14:20. --Individual repeatability
§ 14:21. --Racial differences
§ 14:22. --Sex and hormonal differences
§ 14:23. ----Oral contraceptives
§ 14:24. --Stomach surgery
§ 14:25. --Time of day (circadian rhythms)
§ 14:26. --Zinc
§ 14:27. --Time frame of alcohol intake
§ 14:28. --Distribution: Introduction to the route of distribution
§ 14:29. --Distribution ratios of alcohol: Widmark's work
§ 14:30. ----Widmark's ρ (rho) factor: Importance of body fat and water
§ 14:31. --Differences in body composition
§ 14:32. --Elimination: The removal of alcohol from the body
§ 14:33. --Excretion of alcohol
§ 14:34. ----Excretion into breath
§ 14:35. ----Excretion into urine
§ 14:36. ----Minor routes of excretion
§ 14:37. --Alcohol metabolism (burnoff)
§ 14:38. ----Metabolism by alcohol dehydrogenase
§ 14:39. ----Metabolism by meos and catalase
§ 14:40. ------Variability in the breakdown of acetaldehyde
§ 14:41. ------Endogenous methanol and ethanol
§ 14:42. --Rate of elimination: Widmark's β factor
§ 14:43. --Factors affecting elimination
§ 14:44. ----Alcoholism
§ 14:45. ----Body composition
§ 14:46. ----Body temperature
§ 14:47. ----Dose effects
§ 14:48. ----Drug effects
§ 14:49. ----Food or fasting
§ 14:50. ----Genetic differences
§ 14:51. ----Individual repeatability
§ 14:52. ----Liver disease
§ 14:53. ----Metabolic tolerance
§ 14:54. ----Physical activity
§ 14:55. ----Racial differences
§ 14:56. ----Sexual and hormonal differences
§ 14:57. ------Oral contraceptives
§ 14:58. ----Time of day
§ 14:59. --Linear versus nonlinear elimination
§ 14:60. --Blood alcohol curve (summary)
§ 14:61. --Conclusions: Sampling variability
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Chapter 15. Effects of Alcohol on the Human Body
§ 15:1. Physiology of alcohol and its effect on the human body
§ 15:2. --Cardiovascular system
§ 15:3. --Respiration
§ 15:4. --Temperature regulation
§ 15:5. --Endocrine system
§ 15:6. --Digestive tract
§ 15:7. --Effects of alcohol on neurotransmitters
§ 15:8. --Balance
§ 15:9. --Nystagmus
§ 15:10. ----Alcohol gaze nystagmus
§ 15:11. ----Positional alcohol nystagmus
§ 15:12. --Visual and auditory reaction time
§ 15:13. Physiological tolerance
§ 15:14. --Mechanisms of tolerance to alcohol
§ 15:15. Adaptation to the effects of alcohol
§ 15:16. --Mechanisms of adaptation to alcohol
§ 15:17. Correlation of effects of alcohol to traffic safety data
§ 15:18. --Level of drinking categories
§ 15:19. --Epidemiological data
§ 15:20. ----Critical review of alcohol accident data
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Chapter 16. Alcohol and Other Drugs
§ 16:1. Scope
§ 16:2. Ethanol's effects on the central nervous system
§ 16:3. Defining drug interactions/cross tolerance
§ 16:4. Addition/potentiation/antagonism
§ 16:5. Temperature effects of drugs and alcohol
§ 16:6. Drug index
§ 16:7. --Alcohol
§ 16:8. --Aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitors
§ 16:9. --Analgesic agents
§ 16:10. --Anesthetics
§ 16:11. --Antianxiety agents
§ 16:12. --Anticonvulsant agents
§ 16:13. --Antidepressants
§ 16:14. --Antihistamines
§ 16:15. --Barbiturates
§ 16:16. Benzodiazepines
§ 16:17. --Caffeine
§ 16:18. --Insulin
§ 16:19. --Marijuana
§ 16:20. --Opioids
§ 16:21. --Oral hypoglycemic agents
§ 16:22. --Sedative/hypnotics
§ 16:23. --Miscellaneous
§ 16:24. --Acetaldehyde interaction with drugs
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Chapter 17. Roadside Sobriety Testing
§ 17:1. Alcohol gaze nystagmus test
§ 17:2. Positional alcohol nystagmus tests
§ 17:3. Nystagmus and blood alcohol curves
§ 17:4. Balance tests
§ 17:5. Motor coordination tests
§ 17:5.10. Fear and field sobriety
§ 17:6. Psychological tests
§ 17:7. Flushed face
§ 17:8. Appearance of eyes
§ 17:9. Saliva strip testing
§ 17:10. Preliminary breath testing devices
§ 17:11. --Fuel cell devices
§ 17:12. --Flashlight-alcohol sensor
§ 17:13. --Taguchi gas sensor devices
§ 17:14. Automotive devices
§ 17:15. Odor of alcohol
§ 17:16. Detection of drugs besides alcohol
§ 17:17. Analysis of NHTSA studies
§ 17:18. Drug detection evidence
§ 17:19. Summary
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Chapter 18. The Lung and Blood/Breath Ratio
§ 18:1. Blood/breath alcohol ratio
§ 18:2. Basic lung structure and physiology
§ 18:3. Dalton's law and Henry's law
§ 18:4. --Effects of temperature
§ 18:5. --Effects of blood variables
§ 18:6. --Variability due to sampling problems
§ 18:7. The 2100:1 ratio and the absorptive/postabsorptive states
§ 18:8. Breath tests vs. blood tests
§ 18:9. Breath volume and lung capacities
§ 18:10. --Effects of certain disease states
§ 18:11. Chemical composition of human breath
§ 18:12. --Breath acetaldehyde
§ 18:13. --Breath acetone
§ 18:14. --Other endogenous breath compounds
§ 18:15. Contamination of Breath Samples
§ 18:16. Scientific protocol for breath alcohol testing
§ 18:17. Breath-alcohol simulators
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Chapter 19. Breathalyzer® Breath Testing Devices
§ 19:1. Scope
§ 19:2. Basic structure and function of the classic breathalyzer®
§ 19:3. Collection of sample in breathalyzer®
§ 19:4. Delivery and oxidation of sample
§ 19:5. --Structure of ampoules
§ 19:6. --Chemical reaction
§ 19:7. --Photometric measurement system
§ 19:8. Operation of the breathalyzer® in general
§ 19:9. --Attainment of operating temperature
§ 19:10. --Observation of subject
§ 19:11. --Purge phase
§ 19:12. --Collection phase
§ 19:13. --Reaction phase
§ 19:14. --Photometric phase
§ 19:15. Breathalyzer® models: Model 900
§ 19:16. --Model 900A
§ 19:17. --Model 1000
§ 19:18. --Model 1100
§ 19:19. --Model 2000
§ 19:20. --Types of error with models 900, 900A and 1000
§ 19:21. --9.5 μm breath testing device
§ 19:22. Alcotest 7410
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Chapter 20. Intoxilyzer®
§ 20:1. General principles of infrared methods
§ 20:2. Intoxilyzer® model 4011 (omicron)
§ 20:3. Intoxilyzer® model 4011A
§ 20:4. Intoxilyzer® models 4011AS and 4011AS-A
§ 20:5. Intoxilyzer® model 5000
§ 20:6. Intoxilyzer® 5000, series 568G
§ 20:7. Intoxilyzer® 200
§ 20:7.50. Intoxilyzer 8000
§ 20:8. Trapping of a breath sample
§ 20:9. --Water vapor
§ 20:10. Attacking the intoxilyzer®
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Chapter 21. Intoximeter
§ 21:1. Scope
§ 21:2. Historical perspective
§ 21:3. Photo-electric intoximeter
§ 21:4. Auto-intoximeter
§ 21:5. The mark II and mark IV GC intoximeters
§ 21:6. Intoximeter 3000
§ 21:7. --Operation
§ 21:8. The intoximeter field sampler
§ 21:9. Alco-sensor
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Chapter 22. Bac Verifier/Datamaster
§ 22:1. Scope
§ 22:2. BAC verifier
§ 22:3. Principle of operation
§ 22:4. Main components
§ 22:5. --Breath collection system
§ 22:6. --Infrared measuring system
§ 22:7. --Acetone switch
§ 22:8. --Microprocessor
§ 22:9. --RFI detector
§ 22:10. Operation
§ 22:11. Modifications and repairs of BAC verifiers
§ 22:12. BAC verifier datamaster
§ 22:13. --Differences between the datamaster and the verifier
§ 22:14. --Operation of the datamaster
§ 22:15. --Data collection feature
§ 22:16. --Error codes
§ 22:17. --Problems with the datamaster
§ 22:18. --Legal challenges to datamaster use
§ 22:19. Veritas 100 drug analyzer
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Chapter 23. Blood Testing
§ 23:1. Scope
§ 23:2. Introduction
§ 23:3. --Validity of the sample
§ 23:4. ----Site selection
§ 23:5. --Collection of blood
§ 23:6. ----Traditional venipuncture
§ 23:7. ----Blood collection kits: The vacutainer
§ 23:8. Analytical determination of blood alcohol concentration
§ 23:9. --Gas chromatography
§ 23:10. ----Preparation of ethanol standards
§ 23:11. ----Preparation of internal standard
§ 23:12. ----Preparation of the samples
§ 23:13. ----Gas chromatograph
§ 23:14. --Enzymatic method
§ 23:15. --Wet chemical methods
§ 23:16. --Gas sensor method
§ 23:17. --Sources of error in test results
§ 23:18. ----Use of alcohol as an antiseptic
§ 23:19. ----Absorption of volatile organic solvents
§ 23:20. ----Absorption of water
§ 23:21. ----Oxidation of alcohol
§ 23:22. ----Evaporation of alcohol
§ 23:23. ----Decomposition
§ 23:24. ----Coagulation
§ 23:25. ----Error in the crime laboratory
§ 23:26. --Serum blood alcohol testing
§ 23:27. Summary of effects of errors
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Chapter 24. Urine Tests
§ 24:1. Scope
§ 24:2. Introduction
§ 24:3. Collection of sample
§ 24:4. Analytical determination of urine alcohol concentration
§ 24:5. --Gas chromatography
§ 24:6. ----Preparation of ethanol standards
§ 24:7. ----Preparation of internal standard
§ 24:8. ----Preparation of samples
§ 24:9. ----Gas chromatograph
§ 24:10. --Enzymatic method
§ 24:11. --Wet chemical methods
§ 24:12. --Gas sensor method
§ 24:13. Sources of error in test results
§ 24:14. --Use of alcohol as an antiseptic
§ 24:15. --Absorption of volatile organic solvents
§ 24:16. --Absorption of water
§ 24:17. --Oxidation of alcohol
§ 24:18. --Evaporation of alcohol
§ 24:19. --Decomposition
§ 24:20. --Presence of anticoagulant
§ 24:21. --Error in crime laboratory
§ 24:22. Summary of effects of errors
§ 24:23. Unreliability of urine tests
§ 24:24. --Pooling of urine
§ 24:25. Variability of urine-to-blood ratio
§ 24:26. --Infected urine
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Chapter 25. Miscellaneous Fluids
§ 25:1. Scope
§ 25:2. Saliva
§ 25:3. Perspiration
§ 25:4. Tears
§ 25:5. Nasal samples
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Chapter 26. Postmortem Problems
§ 26:1. Postmortem problems in blood
§ 26:2. --Pooling of blood
§ 26:3. --Postmortem coagulation
§ 26:4. --Diffusion
§ 26:5. --Missampling at autopsy
§ 26:6. --Traumatic injury
§ 26:7. --Putrefaction
§ 26:8. --Use of formaldehyde
§ 26:9. --Predeath regurgitation
§ 26:10. --Standard sources of error
§ 26:11. Other body fluids and tissues
§ 26:12. --Vitreous humor
§ 26:13. --Bile
§ 26:14. --Cerebrospinal fluid
§ 26:15. --Brain
§ 26:16. --Bone marrow
§ 26:17. --Perilymph
§ 26:18. --Testes
§ 26:19. --Urine
§ 26:20. Postmortem alcohol production
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Chapter 27. Predictions of Blood Alcohol Concentrations
§ 27:1. Scope
§ 27:2. Widmark's study
§ 27:3. --Minimum amount of alcohol consumed
§ 27:4. --Total amount of alcohol consumed
§ 27:5. --Maximum blood alcohol concentrations
§ 27:6. --Retrograde extrapolation
§ 27:7. Expressing blood alcohol concentrations
§ 27:8. Limitations to calculations
§ 27:9. --Average values of Widmark's β and (Rho) ρ factors
§ 27:10. --Assuming absorption is complete
§ 27:11. --Fluctuations in the blood alcohol curve
§ 27:12. Redefining the widmark equation
§ 27:13. --Limitations
§ 27:14. --Types of alcoholic beverages​